E Magazine Article

 World Englishes refers to the variety of English in different communities.



 Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes:

Phase 1: foundation, in which Englishis brought to a territory by a colonising power.

Phase 2: exonormative stabilisation, where ‘exonormative’ means that the variety is outward-looking, in that it

is dependent on the model of English spoken by someone from the colonising power, i.e. the UK or the US, depending on who colonised the region, and is viewed as a second language (L2).

Phase 3: nativisation, in which the variety starts to have native speakers for whom it is no longer an L2.

Phase 4: endonormative stabilisation,where ‘endonormative’ means the variety has developed its own standards which are not based on the original variety of the colonisers.

Phase 5: differentiation, in which varieties form within the new variety, much as

they have in the UK.

Phonological Development

•Uses sentence-like intonations. This means they are starting to vary their pitch when they speak. They ask questions by raising intonations at the end of a phrase.

•Some echolalia- repetition of speech by a child learning to speak. They repeat it, but they don’t understand what it means so they don’t retain it.

•Can use some words in the correct context, but you cannot understand the majority of what they say.

•Omits final consonants and some initial consonants- clips the beginning or end off of a word eg. Playin’ or ‘tory. They are simplifying constant clusters. Adults also do this.

•They want to pair vowels with consonants eg. Bubble not splash.

•Accurately imitate some words

•65% of what they say is understood by the time they are two.

•By the age of two, they are starting to structure things like consonant, vowel constant instead of consonant, vowel. For example, saying ‘hot’ instead of ‘ho’